Background

Use of herbal feed additive is gaining importance in animal production due to ban on use of certain antibiotics, harmful residual effects and cost effectiveness. A number of feed additives like probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and plant extracts have been found to have beneficial effects on animal production. Medical herbs properties to improve digestibility, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immune-stimulant activity must be exploited in feeding of animals as well as safe food product for human beings.
In the international situation of total prohibition of antibiotics, it can be used as an alternative to antibiotics.

What you may get from us: If you're developing a feed additive that contains medicinal herb of  Brucea javanica.I think you can find the information or products you need here.

Simple production process in our factory: After the plant is collected, It can be made straight powder. Or the raw material will be processed by solvent extraction, separation and purification, filtration, concentration, drying and other steps to form the final products. We may also design a prouction process based on your special requirements.

Through the physical and chemical processes, those compunds you don't want was removed, and the compunds preferred was accumulated. Which make the products achieve the best effects.

Definition

Fructus Bruceae consists of the dried ripe fruits of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Simaroubaceae).

Synonyms

Brucea amarissima Desv. ex Gomes, Brucea  sumatrana Roxb., Gonus amarissimus Lour., Lussa amarissima O. Ktze.

Selected vernacular names

Biji makassar, bulah makassar, Java brucea, k’u-shen-tzu, kho sam, ko-sam, kusheng-tzu, nha dàm tùr, raat cha dat, raat dat, ratchadat, sàu dau rùng, xoan rùng, ya tan tzu, ya-dan-zi, yadãnzi.

Description

A shrub or small tree, 1–3 m high; younger parts softly pubescent. Leaves compound-paripinnate; leaflets 5–11, oval-lanceolate, 5–10cm long by 2–4cm wide; apex acuminate, base broadly cuneate and often somewhat oblique;margin serrate; both surfaces densely pubescent, especially the underside. Flowers minute, purple, in numerous small cymes or clusters collected into axillary

panicles. Sepals 4, connate at the base. Petals 4, villous, glandular at the tips. Male flowers, stamens 4, pistil reduced to a stigma; female flowers, stamens 4, much reduced.  Ovary with 4 free carpels. Fruit and drupe ovoid, black when ripe. Seeds, compressed, rugose, blackish brown. Plant  material of interest: dried ripe fruit or seed Fruit also refers to the kernel or seed with the pulp removed.

General appearance

The fruit is ovoid, 6–10mm long by 4–7mm in diameter. Externally black or brown, with raised reticulate wrinkles, the lumen irregularly polygonal, obviously ribbed at both sides. Apex acuminate, base having a dented fruit stalk scar, shell hard and brittle. Seeds ovoid, 5–6mm long by 3–5mm in diameter, externally yellowish white, reticulate; testa thin, cotyledons milky white and oily .

Major chemical constituents

Quassinoid triterpenes, including bruceantin, bruceantinol,  bruceantinoside A, bruceins A–G and Q, brucein E 2-O-
-D-glucoside, bruceolide, bruceosides A–C, brusatol, dehydrobruceantinol, dehydrobruceins A and B,  dehydrobrusatol, dihydrobrucein A, yadanzigan, yadanziolides A–D, and yadanziosides A–P predominate as the secondary metabolite constituents.

Pharmacology

Experimental pharmacology

Amoebicidal and antibacterial activity:

A number of in vitro studies have indicated that extracts of Brucea javanica kernels are effective amoebicides. In one such study, a crude butanol extract of Brucea javanica was highly active against Entamoeba histolytica. This amoebicidal activity was associated with two polar compounds isolated  from the extract, bruceantin and brucein C, which are  quassinoid constituents. (Brucea quassinoids were active  against E. histolytica and other protozoa in vitro. The  quassinoids were potent inhibitors of protein synthesis both in mammalian cells and in malaria parasites, and it has been suggested that this effect accounts for their amoebicidal activity. In one other investigation, brusatol, another quassinoid isolated from the seeds of Brucea javanica, was also reported to be effective in the treatment of dysentery.  Extracts from the kernels of Brucea javanica have also been  reported to possess antibacterial activity against Shigella shiga, S. flexneri, S. boydii, Salmonella lexington,  Salmonella derby, Salmonella typhi type II, Vibrio cholerae inaba and Vibrio cholerae ogawa.

Anticoccidial activity:

The traditional Chinese medicinal plant Brucea javanica has received much attention for its significant antiprotozoal effects in recent years; however, little is known about its potential anticoccidial functions. some studies investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of ethanol extract from Brucea javanica on coccidiosis induced by Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens. Chickens infected with Eimeria tenella were treated with Brucea javanica extract and compared either with broilers treated with the anticoccidial halofuginone hydrobromide (Stenorol) or with control groups that consisted of infected-unmedicated and uninfected-unmedicated broilers. The experiments revealed that the Brucea javanica extract could significantly (P<0.05) reduce bloody diarrhea and lesion scores. Additional, OPG output in these plant extract treated groups was reduced in comparison with non-treated groups (P<0.05). However, there was no evidence to show that the extract could  promote BWG. Histological data showed that the number of second-generation schizonts in the medicated groups was substantially less than that in the infected-unmedicated control. In summary, the Brucea javanica extract exerted considerable anticoccidial effects, supporting its use as a promising therapeutic in controlling avian  coccidiosis.

Antimalarial activity:

Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the antiplasmodial activity of Fructus Bruceae extracts. In vitro studies have determined that bruceantin, a quassinoid constituent of the drug, exhibited significant antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Extracts of the drug were also active in vitro against chloroquine-resistant  Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against Plasmodium berghei (mice). Nine  quassinoid constituents of the drug had in vitro IC50 values  of 0.046–0.0008 mg/ml against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain K-1. Four of these compounds were also  active in vivo against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice after oral  dosing, and three of the compounds, bruceins A–C, had in  vitro activity comparable to that of the antimalarial drug mefloquine. Bruceolide, another quassinoid constituent of Brucea javanica, was also effective in vivo (mice) against Plasmodium berghei, and was reported to be more effective than chloroquine. A recent in vitro screening of quassinoids against various protozoa showed that brucein D and brusatol have very selective inhibitory activity against P. falciparum.

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol (70%) extract of Brucea javanica seeds powder (5 and 25 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to ICR male mice 30 min before induction of paw edema using carrageenan. After five hours of post-injection, the fraction significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited paw edema thickness (40% and 74%, respectively) compared to vehicle treated group (olive oil) (28%).

Antioxidant activity:

Ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol (95%) extract of  Brucea javanica dried seeds powder (0.05 – 2 mg/mL) showed significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity with 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical with inhibition of concentration at 50% (IC50) of 33.65 ± 3.04 µg/mL compared to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC50 = 5.95 µg/mL) using DPPH radical scavenging activity assay.

Anti influenza A (H1N1) Activity--Neuraminidase inhibitor:

Influenza is one of severe viral infections which is highly transmittable affecting severe upper respiratory illness,  causes substantial morbidity and mortality. This virus belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses, which divided into A, B and C types. Type A is more virulent then other influenza virus B and C. Among of them, only influenza virus A and B seem like pathogen to human life while influenza virus C has never been considered causing a  large-scale epidemic. The common species which are infected by Influenza A are avian, swine, equine, pigs, horse and human.

Majority influenza A viruses were sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitor. One of the plants that contain compounds which were predicted to be active inhibiting neuraminidase enzyme was Brucea javanica L .

One compound was isolated from Brucea javanica ethyl acetate extract fraction, identified as βsitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside or  daucosterol. Crude Brucea javanica methanol extract, n-hexane fraction,  ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction as well as  daucosterol were subjected to the neuraminidase inhibition  assay (MUNANA Assay) against Clostridium perfringens,  H5N1 and H1N1 neuraminidase enzymes and in vitro  antiviral assay against A/Indonesia/Unair/2011 (H1N1) virus on MDCK cells. The reduction of hemagglutinin titre was performed in hemagglutination assay (HA Assay), while the reduction of virus infectious titre was performed in Half  Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) assay. The ethyl acetate fraction showed highest inhibition towards Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase, with IC50 of 136.46 µg/mL and n-Hexane fraction reduced the hemagglutinin titre near to zero in hemagglutination assay. Whilst daucosterol has shown to reduce 99.9 % of H1N1 virus infectious titre and exhibited the highest inhibition activity against H1N1 and H5N1 neuraminidases with IC50 of 117.45µg/mL and 148.93  µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the chemical structure of daucosterol is different with the common neuraminidase inhibitors, which are usually based on sialic acid analogues. Thus, molecular docking (Autodock 3.0.5) was carried out in order to determine the interaction of daucosterol on the binding site of H1N1 neuraminidase (PDB id: 3TI6). The result indicated that daucosterol has good binding affinity with H1N1 neuraminidase with low free energy of binding (ΔG = - 15.29 kcal/mol). In conclusion, Brucea javanica (L.) Merr has a promising viral inhibition activity, not only by inhibiting viral neuraminidase but also by inhibiting the viral hemagglutination activities and interfere to the viral replication on MDCK cell.

Dosage：

Natural compounds such ans plant extracts are used or evaluated as diet supplements to a alleviate the negative effects of coccidiosis. Anticoccidial outcomes are often indirectly assessed by survival rates, improved growth performance, feed conversion, intestinal lesions,and bloddy diarrhea.Tirals showed that Brucea javanica Extract, added at 2.5-10g/kg feed,signifcantly reduced bloody diarrhea and lesion scores.