Introduction of Amygdalin

Amygdalin, also known as amygdalin, is a toxic cyanogenic glycoside found in many plants, but most notably in the seeds of apricots, bitter almonds, apples, peaches, and plums. It is a glycoside isolated from the seeds of almonds by Pierre-Jean-Robic and A. F. Boutron-Charlard in 1803. Liebig and Wheeler studied this substance in 1830. Amygdalin is also found in other plum plants, including apricots and black cherries, and in the leaves, fruits, and stones of loquats. Ernst T. Krebs (Ernst T. Krebs) named this substance "vitamin B17" and thought it could treat cancer, but subsequent studies proved that this substance does not have the above-mentioned effects. The academic community also does not consider amygdalin to be a vitamin, because amygdalin does not meet the definition of a vitamin.

Extraction method of amygdalin

1. Water extraction method

Taking almond as raw material, the optimal extraction process was as follows: extraction time 20 min, solid-liquid ratio 1:10, soaking time 30 min, extraction twice, the extraction yield of amygdalin was close to 3.2%. Using raw peach kernels as raw materials, directly extracted with hot water, the content of amygdalin in the extract is twice that of cold water first immersion and then extraction. Amygdalin should be directly extracted with hot water. Using almonds as raw material, the effects of distilled bitter almond water method, reflux decocting method and alcohol extraction method on the extraction rate of amygdalin were compared. The decoction method is 55.61% and the alcohol extraction method of amygdalin is 64.88%.

2. Alcohol extraction

Using apricot flower pollen as raw material, using absolute ethanol at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:7, ultrasonication for 20 min, and extraction for 12 h, the extraction rate of amygdalin was 6.1%. Using bitter almond as raw material, amygdalin was extracted by using the properties that amygdalin is easily soluble in hot ethanol and slightly soluble in cold ethanol. The results showed that adding 6 times of 95% ethanol for 1 hour, a total of 2 times, the crude amygdalin was obtained. The crude product was purified by recrystallization 3 times with absolute ethanol at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:30. The extraction rate of amygdalin was 92.47% and the transfer rate was 45.92%.

3. Macroporous adsorption resin separation and purification method

The macroporous resin LSA-30 is more suitable for adsorption and separation of amygdalin, and its saturated adsorption capacity is 55.52%; the optimal adsorption conditions are: room temperature The pH of the extraction solution is 6-9, and the adsorption flow rate is 1-2 mL/min; the optimal elution conditions are: 40 ℃, 60% ethanol (pH 6 or pH 8) as the eluent, and the elution flow rate is 1-2 mL/min. The purity of amygdalin is 93.6%. Using loquat core as raw material, a macroporous adsorption resin with better adsorption performance was screened, and amygdalin was separated and purified. The results showed that macroporous adsorption resin HZ801 was more suitable for adsorption and separation of amygdalin. The optimal adsorption conditions were: The column concentration was 1.0-1.5g/L, the upper column flow rate was 2BV/h, the adsorption capacity was 11.5g/L, and the adsorption rate was 89.8%; the optimal elution conditions were: the ethanol concentration of the eluent was 40%, and the elution flow rate was 2 BV/h, the amount of eluent was 2.5 BV, and the elution rate was 99.7%.

4. Ultrasonic extraction

Using Almond almond as raw material, the effects of solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time and ultrasonic power on the extraction effect of amygdalin were studied. The results showed that the best single-factor process was: solid-liquid ratio 1:5, ethanol concentration 80%, the extraction temperature was 70 °C, the extraction time was 40 min, and the ultrasonic power was 64 W.

5. Microwave extraction method

Amygdalin was extracted by microwave-assisted method with bitter almond as raw material and absolute ethanol as solvent. The results showed that when the microwave power was 500 W, the optimal extraction process was as follows: the solid-liquid ratio was 1:6, the extraction temperature was 75 °C, the extraction was performed twice for 15 min each time, and the extraction rate of amygdalin was 4.08%.

The efficacy and role of amygdalin

1. Amygdalin can fight atherosclerosis

Spontaneous atherosclerosis mouse model was established by apolipoprotein E knockout method, and the amygdalin group was intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg•d for 4 consecutive weeks. The results show that amygdalin can reduce serum total cholesterol, serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in experimental mice, can effectively induce Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells, enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages, and promote plaque site Cell apoptosis, thereby reducing the plaque area and plaque coverage, increasing the effective lumen area, and inhibiting the compensatory increase in lumen, suggesting that amygdalin has a certain anti-atherosclerosis.

2. Amygdalin can fight gastric ulcer

Anti-gastric ulcer: To observe the effect of amygdalin on experimental gastric ulcer by establishing a mouse restraint-freezing stress gastric ulcer model, a rat acetic acid burning ulcer model, and a rat pylorus ligation gastric ulcer model.

The results showed that amygdalin intragastric administration of 20 and 40 mg/kg groups could inhibit restraint-freezing stress gastric ulcers in mice; 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg groups could promote the healing of acetic acid burning ulcers in rats; 10 , 20 mg/kg group can reduce the ulcer area of gastric ulcer caused by pyloric ligation, suggesting that amygdalin has a better anti-ulcer effect.

3. Amygdalin is beneficial to the recovery of the urinary system

The rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established by unilateral ureteral obstruction method. The amygdalin group was given intragastric administration of 3, 5 mg/d, and the animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 21 days after operation, and the renal pathology of the rats in each group was observed. degree of damage. The results showed that the degree of renal fibrosis in the amygdalin group was significantly lower than that in the unilateral ureteral obstruction group at 21 days, which was reduced by 35% in the 3 mg/d treatment group and 28% in the 5 mg/d treatment group. It shows that amygdalin can significantly reduce the degree of renal pathological damage, delay the process of renal interstitial fibrosis, and further prove that amygdalin has an anti-fibrotic effect;

4. Amygdalin can boost immunity

1) For immunomodulation, subcutaneous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant antigen was used to establish a rat model of chronic immunoatrophic gastritis; intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant into the foot plantar was used to induce adjuvant arthritis in rats; the carbon particle clearance test was used to determine The clearance index (K) and phagocytosis index (A) of mice were used to observe the effects of amygdalin on adjuvant inflammation in rats and clearance of carbon particles in mice to reveal its immunomodulatory effect. The results showed that amygdalin 20 mg/kg administered by intragastric administration for 6 consecutive weeks had the best effect on chronic immunoatrophic gastritis in rats. The total acidity of gastric juice decreased and the activity of pepsin increased in each dose group; the concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/kg kg, for 1 week, it can significantly inhibit the swelling degree of the rat's paw after inflammation; the concentration of 40 mg/kg, for 1 week, can significantly increase the experimental K and A.

5. Amygdalin can fight tumors

1.25-10g/L of amygdalin was applied to bladder cancer cells 3 times a week, and after 2 consecutive weeks, it was found that amygdalin dose-dependently inhibited the growth and reproduction of tumor cells, making it stagnant in the G0/G1 phase, and 10g/L. L works best. Under the action of amygdalin at a dose of 10 g/L, the attachment and migration abilities of UMUC-3 and RT112 were significantly decreased, but the migration ability of TCCSUP increased, suggesting that amygdalin can regulate integrin β1 or β4, thereby affecting bladder cancer. Cell attachment and migration, the effects of which are cell type dependent.

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